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مکانیک::
سوپاپ ورودی
where Vd is the displaced volume, p is the instantaneous cylinder pressure, pr,Vr, Tr are the working-fluid pressure, volume, and temperature at some reference state (say inlet valve closing or start of combustion), and pm is the motored cylinder pressure at the same crank angle as p.
and niv is the number of inlet valves per cylinder, nc the number of cylinders, Diy the inlet valve head diameter, and Vd the displaced volume.
where niy is the number of inlet valves per cylinder, Div is the inlet valve head diameter, and B and L are bore and stroke.
Such models can range from treating the whole intake or exhaust system as a single volume to dividing these systems into many sections, with flow restrictions such as the air cleaner, throttle valve, or inlet valve at the beginning, in between volumes, or at the end.
where m is the mass of gas in the cylinder, m, and me are the mass flow rates through the inlet valve and the exhaust valve, and/is the fuel fraction mf/m.
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